https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts daily 0.75 2025-01-04 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/women-in-the-artillery-molly-pitcher-mary-hays monthly 0.5 2025-01-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/3a002437-ec95-433f-bb23-acc48967b649/molly-pitcher-38996-1-402.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Women in the Artillery: Molly Pitcher? Mary Hays? - Either way, she took over his duties with the ramrod -- a long pole with a sponge at one end. After each firing, she swabbed the barrel of the cannon to clean out remaining sparks and gun-powder, so a new charge would not ignite prematurely. Then, as a sack of gunpowder and a fresh cannonball were loaded, she packed them tighly at the far end of the barrel so they would fire properly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/581c95a4-4597-458c-8c1c-62a1856b3525/MonmouthCannon.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Women in the Artillery: Molly Pitcher? Mary Hays? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/2afca464-6d2b-4d02-83e7-b0bd875baa96/molly-pitcher-monmouth-granger.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Women in the Artillery: Molly Pitcher? Mary Hays? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/b6616d10-ca3c-4c1b-b900-a0662bed4a79/molly-pitcher-Mary-Ludwig-Hays-340x445.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Women in the Artillery: Molly Pitcher? Mary Hays? - In 1769 she married a barber whose shop was near the Irvine home, John Hays. Hays died a few years after the war. Mary, still commonly known as Molly, married another veteran, Sergeant McKolly, sometimes spelled Mc Cauley. She seems to have outlived him by many years, dying in 1832. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/freeing-and-enlisting-enslaved-men-after-yorktown monthly 0.5 2024-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/c643fd82-b063-4390-a3af-9748d8ea1a4c/AedenusBurke.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Freeing and Enlisting Enslaved Men in South Carolina after Yorktown — Refused Again - State legislator Aedenus Burke bluntly informed Laurens that the state's planters believed (even at this early date) that northerners secretly hoped for a general emancipation after the war, which would be speeded up by enlisting slaves as soldiers with promises of freedom. This gave northern political elites more credit than they deserved. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/fc34793c-c55d-403b-a532-10936ceb3784/kingsmountain_landscape.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Freeing and Enlisting Enslaved Men in South Carolina after Yorktown — Refused Again - Make it stand out Another year of bitter fighting in South Carolina followed Cornwallis’s surrender at Yorktown. Roughly half the landowning population remained loyal to the King of Great Britain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/d1710d11-58dd-4280-9bc7-dfb8ad1e4f6b/GreeneNathanael.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Freeing and Enlisting Enslaved Men in South Carolina after Yorktown — Refused Again - In December 1781, Laurens again proposed "a well-chosen corps of black levies" to expand the armies commanded by General Nathanael Greene, who endorsed the plan. Greene bluntly asserted that South Carolina and Georgia would never have been overrun by British armies and Loyalist auxiliaries if Laurens's earlier proposal had been accepted. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/hull-and-kosciuszko-for-the-freedom-of-america-poland-and-the-world monthly 0.5 2024-06-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/6a9ced5d-d2ea-4270-873a-654aec0ebac3/AgrippaHull.v01.png Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Hull and Kosciuszko: For the freedom of America, Poland and the world - Agrippa Hull enlisted at age 18 in Colonel Ebenezer Sprout's Massachusetts regiment to fight the British Empire in the war for independence. He would spend the majority of nearly seven years service assigned as an aide to Colonel Tadeusz Kosciuszko. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/ddb8385d-eb88-48f1-95e4-945c231ad160/KosciuszkoPolandBattle.jpeg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Hull and Kosciuszko: For the freedom of America, Poland and the world - After years in Russian prisons after the defeat of his armies, he returned to the United States for a few years. He had a reunion with Hull who traveled from Stockbridge to New York to see him in 1797. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/04a41712-d70c-4558-9bbb-3084a01ccde0/KosciuszkoHull-Suggs.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Hull and Kosciuszko: For the freedom of America, Poland and the world - Together they experienced some of the most, bloody, bitter, difficult, and often demoralizing fighting of the entire conflict. Sculpture of Tadeusz Kosciuszko and Aggrippa Hull by Tracy H. Sugg. Sculpture that reflects a Touch of the Infinite https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/d398c106-fd6d-4990-864c-5520d7bd0049/EutawSprings.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Hull and Kosciuszko: For the freedom of America, Poland and the world Hull served with Kosciuszko through the American victory at Cowpens on the Pee Dee River, and the bloody fight at Eutaw Springs -- a draw, but the British withdrew with heavier losses. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/agrippa-hull-the-sage-of-stockbridge monthly 0.5 2024-05-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/4a578934-4693-4743-8f03-e3dc0c30dd57/agrippa-hull.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Agrippa Hull: The Sage of Stockbridge - "If thou are young," a local newspaper advised, "imitate this man's example, and you will live many years upon the earth and rejoice in them all." When Francis Parkman, in 1844 the nation's best known historian, came to visit Stockbridge, Hull (who had no grandchildren of his own) told him "These are my children," stretching his cane over several young boys playing. "Ah, how we are consarned to fetch them up well and virtuous." https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/65e46a4c-429a-4c61-a7bc-a482fd470ef0/Kosciuszko.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Agrippa Hull: The Sage of Stockbridge - Hull spent most of the war assigned as an orderly, first for two years to General Patterson, later to Colonel Tadeusz Kosciuszko (pictured at right). That is a military assignment, not one as either a hired or bond servant. It often involves danger and participation in battle, but it is first and foremost, one of personal service to a senior officer. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/ae40b0c0-a07a-4432-ab9a-eb0f52dac601/AgrippaHullGrave.jpeg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Agrippa Hull: The Sage of Stockbridge - Agrippa Hull died in 1848, 65 years after the final victory of American independence. He was survived by his second wife, Margaret, who died in 1870, five years after the Civil War. More details of Hull’s life can be found at https://www.bidwellhousemuseum.org/blog/2023/02/14/bidwell-lore-introducing-agrippa-hull/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/d24165dd-fbd3-4b15-baf1-c5dc8a8eec84/agrippa-hull-battle-eutaw-springs.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Agrippa Hull: The Sage of Stockbridge - During 50 months with Kosciuszko, Hull experienced some of the most intense fighting of the war. Some of Hull's most vivid memories were formed in the fighting at Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, where he worked with the medical staff on 375 badly wounded soldiers. (The British army took 40 percent casualties.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/187a02ce-6743-4050-ab05-5cd1bfa976c9/Agrippa-Hull-house-BL-1024x768.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Agrippa Hull: The Sage of Stockbridge - Make it stand out Agrippa Hull’s home, now being restored by the Bidwell House Museum. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/the-bugle-boy-who-won-the-battle-of-cowpens monthly 0.5 2024-05-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/7b3f0d39-82ee-4e1c-a96d-319b3149508b/morgan-american-revolution-hero_800.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Bugle Boy Who Won the Battle of Cowpens - Daniel Morgan commanded 600 experienced Continental soldiers and 450 militia from Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. British commander Marquis de Cornwallis ordered Tarleton's green-jacketed cavalry, known for violent reprisals against rebels and civilians alike, to destroy the force. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/390ae190-1ed7-48fd-8223-26453c9f599e/tarleton-joshua-reynolds.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Bugle Boy Who Won the Battle of Cowpens - Tarleton, after returning to England, became a member of parliament. He represented the port of Liverpool, from which many slave ships departed each year, and vigorously opposed efforts by William Wilberforce and others to abolish the trade. Tarleton's father had become wealthy trading in sugar, as well as investing in and managing several slaving voyages. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/918dd811-c61c-404a-b926-597c8638d913/Cowpens-Painting-Columbia-SC-2017-01-05-acfb1b4af565448dbbc4abc06dec9a57.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Bugle Boy Who Won the Battle of Cowpens - Make it stand out The name of the bugler remains unknown to historical records. The battle ended soon after, although Washington by some reports chased Tarleton for a few miles. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/ona-judge-staines-escaped-from-slavery-at-mount-vernon monthly 0.5 2024-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/fad3e395-0da0-45c4-a5ea-66231eb1f207/onajudgestaines.jpeg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Ona Judge Staines Escaped from Slavery at Mount Vernon - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/1774-we-will-wholly-discontinue-the-slave-trade monthly 0.5 2024-01-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/fb205636-76b3-4006-9eef-cf345955f894/continental-congress-640x427.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1774: "we will wholly discontinue the slave trade... - Make it stand out Of course that clause in the Articles of Association, adopted 20 October 1774, wasn't a commitment to abolish slavery. The First Continental Congress was looking for ways to hit the British Empire in the pocket book. Between 1699 and 1807, 5199 slaving vessels were among the 12,013 clearances from British ports. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/cbaf52af-32bb-4d27-abe6-75735da79b49/slavPet400.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1774: "we will wholly discontinue the slave trade... - The same meeting resolved concerning six negroes, who, their owner dying intestate, had become the property of the town, that: "It is unbecoming the character of freemen to enslave the said negroes" renounced their claim, and took them under their protection. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/88ed7270-3ca1-47f0-9696-631fafc1dee9/SlaveShipsWestIndianDocks.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1774: "we will wholly discontinue the slave trade... - Make it stand out Slave ships at the West Indian docks in Liverpool. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/1774-2024-run-up-to-a-revolution monthly 0.5 2024-01-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/905f3a52-824c-44de-a4bf-c648682673e6/BostonMassacre-Attucks.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1774-2024: Run-Up to A Revolution - Make it stand out As many patriotic commemorative poems recall, the first to die was Crispus Attucks, a sailor of some twenty years experience, a man of dark complexion, who may or may not have been enslaved at one time, and may or may not have run away. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/71ea760f-7de7-41e4-b528-bc08239968dc/soldats-britanniques-cantonnes-dans-une-maison-col.png Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1774-2024: Run-Up to A Revolution - Make it stand out Finally, the June 2 Quartering Act authorized military officers to seize property to house their troops, at the colonist's expense. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/07e8dbf2-24a2-4b3b-9fb3-3d29ab143729/carpenters-hall-philadelphia-usa-may-2015-1.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1774-2024: Run-Up to A Revolution - Make it stand out Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia, where the First Continental Congress met. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/the-revolutionary-generation-and-the-grip-of-racism-sarah-fortens-poetry monthly 0.5 2023-12-07 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/three-veterans-three-slaves-and-a-reverend monthly 0.5 2023-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/c8cb31bc-5759-4dbf-99e3-49362c4e7ab4/2ndNH-Saratoga.jpeg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Three Veterans, Three Slaves, and a Reverend - 2nd New Hampshire at Saratoga, model designed and created by Jim Purky. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/what-the-hessian-officer-saw-at-saratoga monthly 0.5 2023-11-17 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/gage-the-rebels-have-brought-all-the-savages-they-could-against-us-here monthly 0.5 2023-11-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/83b0a969-7aec-4efc-b01e-a4ee41f1ab05/nimham_statue_model_photo_by_michael_kerospian_0.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Gage: “the Rebels have brought all the Savages they could against us here.” - Captain Daniel Nimham, of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, a sachem of the Stockbridge nation. Model by sculptor Michael Keropian fot a life sized statue to be place in the Hudson Valley as a permanent memorial to this Revolutionary War veteran, who lost his life fighting at the Battle of Kingsbridge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/88be296d-f68f-485c-882f-4fe951cb908c/StockbridgeMiniatures.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Gage: “the Rebels have brought all the Savages they could against us here.” - General Thomas Gage, commanding British troops in Boston, wrote to the Earl of Dartmouth, "the Rebels have brought all the Savages they could against us here." (Miniatures by John Jenkins designs.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/fccce840-28ea-4b63-be6b-d37ff84cb0fa/Stockbridge-VanCortland.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Gage: “the Rebels have brought all the Savages they could against us here.” - Historical painter Don Troiani’s presentation of “Bloody Ban” Tarleton’s cavalry massacring the Stockbridge Indian Company. Sometimes known as the Battle of Kingsbridge, the ambush was prepared by the British occupation army in New York near a ridge in what is now Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/prince-whipple monthly 0.5 2023-11-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/ed5e1bfc-c157-40bd-bedd-efdb421276d3/WhipplePrinceGrave.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Liberty and Property: Seeking the truth about Prince Whipple - A few days before July 4, 1908, the United States, through Storer Post, Grand Army of the Republic, Portsmouth NH, placed a memorial stone in the North cemetery. Storer Post -- to whose members for four long years a black face was always the face of a friend -- gladly pays this tribute to a comrade of the Revolution! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/240402cb-d6bc-49c7-b3d7-d5588d6ab94c/WhippleWilliamHome.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Liberty and Property: Seeking the truth about Prince Whipple - This is William Whipples’s home. I’d like to show an image of Prince and Cuffee Whipple’s home when married and free, or of their own faces. But there are none. Well, as the WW II saying goes, “Prince was here.” https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/paul-cuffe-sailor-whaler-privateer-prisoner-of-war-fleet-owner monthly 0.5 2023-10-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/a2fba897-53c0-4ce6-8e0b-8f4b909fdba1/Cuffe-Paul-Monument.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Paul Cuffe: Sailor, Whaler, Privateer, Prisoner of War, Fleet Owner… - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/142dc2a3-6267-4267-a56b-21ca6e7c77ad/Cuffe-Paul-686x800.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Paul Cuffe: Sailor, Whaler, Privateer, Prisoner of War, Fleet Owner… - Both were Americans of African descent. Both were interned as prisoners of war by the British during the American Revolution. Both built prosperous businesses and retired as wealthy men. Both went to sea -- Cuffe to eventually own a shipyard and a substantial fleet, Forten to eventually own a sail-making shop where advanced designs were based on his own experience sailing wooden ships. Cuffe spent most of his life in Massachusetts, Forten in Philadelphia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/2ef15df4-6208-4ba8-b5ee-4311c6e3e46b/CuffeePaulFleet.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Paul Cuffe: Sailor, Whaler, Privateer, Prisoner of War, Fleet Owner… - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/james-forten-i-have-been-taken-prisoner-for-the-liberties-of-my-country monthly 0.5 2024-01-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/e73b7dd4-2b9a-4a92-846d-90334cfd2c29/FortenJAmesAged.png Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - James Forten: “I have been taken prisoner for the liberties of my country…” - He returned to Robert Bridges' sail loft in Philadelphia, where he had worked since age 8, and where his father had also worked. He became foreman, and when Bridges retired in 1798, he loaned Forten the money to buy the business. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/e2ce9592-670e-432a-ac77-cb40680832dd/FortenJAmesDauger.png Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - James Forten: “I have been taken prisoner for the liberties of my country…” - That was James Forten's response near the end of the Revolutionary War to a British captain named Bazely. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/892d3b13-660e-458a-b94d-a9ea99b028ce/FortenShipsUSBrit.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - James Forten: “I have been taken prisoner for the liberties of my country…” - Forten had enlisted on the crew of the privateer Royal Louis, commanded by Stephen Decatur, whose son Stephen Jr. would rise to the rank of commodore in the U.S. Navy. At least 19 men of African complexion were among the 200 recruits aboard the ship. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/theres-a-woman-in-every-army-deborah-samson-and-massachusetts-light-infantry monthly 0.5 2023-10-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/0fb95e2f-fea8-464e-bf3d-0e21e315b06f/DeborahSampson.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - There’s a woman in every army: Deborah Samson and Massachusetts light infantry - At a time when servants and wage laborers addressed their employer as "master" and husbands took seriously being "lord and master" of their house, Deborah was known before enlisting as "a masterless woman." Her father was gone, her mother on the way to the poorhouse. She supported herself by weaving, spinning, and teaching, all employment where she could function with some independence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/3bb8befc-2a72-4981-b85f-d8a7971d24eb/Deborah_Sampson_Gannett_House%2C_East_Street%2C_Sharon%2C_Mass._-_DPLA_-_140d51deac5a798216a1eb7b348189b2.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - There’s a woman in every army: Deborah Samson and Massachusetts light infantry - About a year later, having walked home from Philadelphia to Sharon, Massachusetts, Deborah married Benjamin Gannett, Jr., and they tried to support their family on a small farm. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/8ea6302b-b6f4-4025-b6c0-2fa787987d48/Deborah_Sampson_Gannett._Robert_Shurtleff._The_female_soldier%2C_service_1781-1783_-_DPLA_-_190857378f4057e49dfdda7424135002.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - There’s a woman in every army: Deborah Samson and Massachusetts light infantry - She petitioned the legislature for a pension, which was granted -- signed by Governor John Hancock. She was later awarded a federal pension of $4 per month with the support of General Paterson, and Paul Revere. She died in 1827, aged 67. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/elizabeth-freemans-lost monthly 0.5 2023-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/21d73055-2907-4d3d-ba4d-7cbb680e701f/Saratoga.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Elizabeth Freeman’s Revolutionary War veterans - Battle of Saratoga Freeman’s first husband was killed in action during the first battle that forced an entire British army to surrender to Continental forces. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/the-few-the-diverse-the-marines-of-the-american-revolution monthly 0.5 2023-10-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/1325fa60-7819-4964-b712-6808ac50f2be/marines.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Few, the Diverse, the Marines of the American Revolution - The Continental Congress passed a resolution 10 November 1775 providing for two battalions of American marines. Like all marines in any navy, they were to keep order aboard ships -- the reason for centuries of emnity between navy and marine servicemen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/1db12294-a3c8-46a7-a6b9-30868a61a41f/marine-americanrevolution.org.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Few, the Diverse, the Marines of the American Revolution - Marine Captain Robert Mullan's records include "Isaac Walker (Negro)" and "Orange (Negro)" among his recruits, probably from Kent County, Maryland. Later military records list their pay and clothing allowances. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/5175a9f1-fe90-4ad5-98ca-231646633957/MarinesFirstPlatoonWW2.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Few, the Diverse, the Marines of the American Revolution - The first (segregated) platoon with American enlisted men of African descent to train for the Marine Corps since the Revolutionary War, at Montford Point, North Carolina during World War II. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/from-bille monthly 0.5 2023-09-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/b8494522-9e29-4a3f-b44e-342f0f1944d8/BillyLee-Francisco.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - From Billie Lee to William: George Washington’s enslaved right hand man - Re-Enactors at Mt. Vernon portraying George Washington and William Lee. Photo by Al Underwood, used with permission. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/brandywine-the-battle-that-lost-philadelphia-and-built-an-army monthly 0.5 2023-09-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/07069342-b2b4-485e-bb23-fc930a6bbb7b/Brandywine.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Brandywine: The Battle that lost Philadelphia and built an army - "While Howe had defeated the American army, the unexpectedly bitter resistance he met had kept him from his goal of crushing it. Nor had American morale been crushed. As Washington’s report to Congress stated, 'Notwithstanding the misfortune of the day, I am happy to find the troops in good spirits; and I hope another time we shall compensate for the losses now sustained'," (John B.B. Trussell, Jr., The Battle of Brandywine, 1992). The British did occupy Philadelphia, serving at that time as the national capital, and held it until June 1778. Congress had to move to York, Pennsylvania. But, possession of the city proved, as John Adams had predicted, to be a millstone around the enemy's neck. . https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/ab01e8e7-7ae0-418e-a266-22bfd8af9187/Brandywinecannon.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Brandywine: The Battle that lost Philadelphia and built an army - Edward Hector, a man of African heritage serving in the Third Pennsylvania Artillery, offers one of the more heroic stories of the battle. He was positioned on a wooded hillside near Chad's Ford, one of the points where Brandywine Creek could be crossed by an army. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/the-spoils-of-victory-revolution-and-strange-fruit monthly 0.5 2023-09-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/72e889b1-431a-4547-afb0-d04ed47f3b4c/elizabethfreeman.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The spoils of victory… Revolution and strange fruit - Make it stand out Elizabeth Freeman, formerly known as Mum Bett, was a plaintiff in the freedom suit that found slavery in violation of Massachusetts’s post-revolutionary state constitution. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/battle-road-masters-slaves-free-blacks-and-at-least-one-indian monthly 0.5 2023-08-30 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/rhode-islands-1778-law-to-purchase-and-emancipate-slaves-for-military-ser monthly 0.5 2023-08-19 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/the-burden-of-military-service-chid monthly 0.5 2023-08-14 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/oneida-resist-british-invasion-of-the-homeland monthly 0.5 2023-08-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/6f112979-de19-40c9-8886-ac2371aae5d5/OneidaWarrior.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Oneida Resist British Invasion of the Homeland - Kaunaudauloonh, known to English speakers as Peter Bread, was an Oneida warrior whose courage and skill infiltrating enemy positions and leading effective ambushes was particularly appreciated. George Washington decorated him personally for his contributions to the ultimate victory. An unusual feature of Oneida operations is that they sought to exchange captured British troops to the American command in exchange for their Six Nations brothers (fighting in alliance with the British) captured by the American forces. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/the-revolution-needed-gunpowder monthly 0.5 2023-07-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/d89d8c82-9c53-4736-b8a9-02c038930e94/gunpowder-powder-box.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Revolution Needed Gunpowder - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/90266761-71a7-4f17-a754-744c91f632f0/Marblehead1.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - The Revolution Needed Gunpowder https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/african-americans-in-the-virginia-line-regiments-who-were-they monthly 0.5 2023-08-01 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/a-tale-of-two-veterans-free-and-enslaved monthly 0.5 2023-08-02 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/present-from-the-beginning-lexington-concord-and-bunker-breeds-hill monthly 0.5 2023-08-01 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/black-and-white-and-red-all-over-george-washingtons-first-marines monthly 0.5 2023-08-01 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/there-were-limits-to-the-patriotism-of-south-carolinas-elite monthly 0.5 2023-08-01 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/great-britain-was-the-dominant-power-in-the-slave-trade monthly 0.5 2023-08-01 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/blog-post-title-three-4f8pk-nrh6b monthly 0.5 2023-08-01 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/r217f1you68vaa33zwoat2sfblqf8f monthly 0.5 2023-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/e6f66eaa-fff5-4fc6-9339-ac0fb631eaf2/historical-notes-on-the-employment-of-negroes-in-the-american-army-of-the-revolution-intro.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - Adjutant General Alexander Scammell’s “Return of Negroes in the Army” - Make it stand out A page from George H. Moore’s Historical Notes on the Employement of Negroes in the American Army of the Revolution, published in 1862. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/about-charlie-rosenberg monthly 0.5 2023-07-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/aaf9278e-9ab3-494b-b051-3936c234e366/image212-a1.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - About the Author - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/blog-5 monthly 0.5 2023-07-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/2fc3c8cd-c141-4503-9b9d-0df6469fbb77/the-battle-of-lexington-19th-april-william-barnes-wollen.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1776 In Living Color - I recently watched a documentary on Benedict Arnold's contributions as a patriot before he flipped. In passing, it described the army that won the Battle of Saratoga -- the USA's first unambiguous major victory over a full British military force -- as "the most integrated American army until the https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/5545136a-ede2-496c-858a-b37fcdf3f725/1200px-Battle_of_Guiliford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg Latest Posts: Battles, Men, Ships, Regiments - 1776 In Living Color - I recently watched a documentary on Benedict Arnold's contributions as a patriot before he flipped. In passing, it described the army that won the Battle of Saratoga -- the USA's first unambiguous major victory over a full British military force -- as "the most integrated American army until the Image description https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/category/The+American+Revolution monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/category/United+States+Marine+Corps monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/category/Lexington+and+Concord monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/category/American+Revolution monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/category/The+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/tag/Charleston monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/tag/guns monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/tag/occupation monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/tag/enlistment monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/tag/Tioga+New+York monthly 0.5 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https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/posts/tag/Return+of+Negroes+in+the+Army monthly 0.5 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/sources daily 0.75 2024-05-25 https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/sources/a-pole-an-african-american-and-a-virginia-plantation-owner-walk-into-a-revolution monthly 0.5 2024-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/f2e0ff35-0d75-4dfd-b4a3-f4ee940e11df/KosciuszkoPolandBattle.jpeg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Pole, an African American, and a Virginia plantation owner walk into a revolution... - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/3ac4838e-ee18-4112-9f33-4167ffd37e56/thomas-jefferson-portrait.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Pole, an African American, and a Virginia plantation owner walk into a revolution... - Jefferson comes out rather poorly in this book. Perhaps it shouldn't surprise anyone that Jefferson accepted responsibility to execute Kosciuszko's will, committing most of his back pay for service during the Revolutionary War to the purpose of purchasing the freedom of enslaved people, educating them, and setting them up with the means to support themselves. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/6514a195-96c9-419d-aec5-df88cbbf2426/layafette.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Pole, an African American, and a Virginia plantation owner walk into a revolution... - Agrippa Hill also met Lafayette in New York in 1784, during one of the French hero's periodic visits to America. Lafayette could be an embarassment to his hosts. Visiting upstate New York, he asked, where are our gallant allies, the Oneida? (They had been removed to Wisconsin under pressure from land speculators, many of whom had probably been Loyalists during the war for independence). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/34082426-be60-4674-8400-835a08eb0300/Kosciuszko.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Pole, an African American, and a Virginia plantation owner walk into a revolution... - After a disheartening return to Poland, Kosciuszko ended up in 1776 seeking a post with the Revolutionary army in America. He was brilliant at constructing fortifications, first to defend Philadelphia, then to funnel British soldiers invading from Canada into into the killing fields that resulted in an American victory at Saratoga -- where he first met Agrippa Hull. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/121b93d6-01ba-461d-a424-9ed011125958/SaratogaSurrender.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Pole, an African American, and a Virginia plantation owner walk into a revolution... - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/e0f5c120-5cb9-4784-8eb9-8da9ea0d1227/agrippa-hull.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Pole, an African American, and a Virginia plantation owner walk into a revolution... - Agrippa Hull was born free, and claimed to be the son of an African prince. His father may well have been captured leading soldiers to war, and sold into slavery by his captors -- the same way Ibrahima Abd-ur Rahman ended up in Mississippi some years later. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/sources/black-puritan-black-republican-the-life-and-thought-of-lemuel-haynes-1753-1833 monthly 0.5 2024-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/8a05f0af-dd5b-42bb-891e-23826d5d3e74/HaynesPreaching.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753-1833 - Haynes pastored churches in Torrington, Connecticut, in Rutland, Vermont, and toward the end of his life in South Granville, New York, where he died in 1833. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/86fd451b-29dc-4a28-83c6-37e79777ce36/HaynesLemuelYouth.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753-1833 - At about age 20, a crisis of conversion confirmed his place in the Congregational church. He began preparing for the ministry in the mid-1770s, studying Latin, Greek, hermeneutics and Calvinist theology. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/133c2468-eaa7-4a87-9bed-73fee81efb65/Haynes-Lemuel.jpg 1776 In Living Color: Sources - Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753-1833 - This is an American life that needs to be better understood. Now, there is a comprehensive source available bringing together the available sources. Once begun, the tale draws the reader to continue learning. https://www.1776inlivingcolor.org/sources/a-gentleman-of-color-the-life-of-james-forten monthly 0.5 2023-12-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/646f9bec419e87292b2aaab9/150e8b35-8708-46dc-b1c2-2ee34b832e3a/FortenJAmesAged.png 1776 In Living Color: Sources - A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten - Forten lived through the hopeful possibilities that "all men are created equal" might come to mean exactly that. He lived through the resurgence of racism in the post-revolutionary era. 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